Montreal Python Workshop 7/Data types: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ |
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==Numbers: integers and floats== |
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* Integers don't have a decimal place. |
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* Floats have a decimal place. |
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* Math mostly works the way it does on a calculator, and you can use parentheses to override the order of operations. |
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====Math: addition, subtraction, multiplication==== |
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<b>addition</b>: 2 + 2<br /> |
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<b>subtraction</b>: 0 - 2<br /> |
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<b>multiplication</b>: 2 * 3<br /> |
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====Math: division==== |
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<pre> |
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>>> 4 / 2 |
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2 |
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>>> 1 / 2 |
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0 |
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</pre> |
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* Integer division produces an integer. You need a number that knows about the decimal point to get a decimal out of division: |
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<pre> |
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>>> 1.0 / 2 |
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0.5 |
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>>> float(1) / 2 |
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0.5 |
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</pre> |
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====Types==== |
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<pre> |
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>>> type(1) |
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<type 'int'> |
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>>> type(1.0) |
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<type 'float'> |
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</pre> |
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==Strings== |
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* Strings are bits of text, and contain characters like numbers, letters, whitespace, and punctuation. |
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* String are surrounded by quotes. |
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* Use triple-quotes (""") to create whitespace-preserving multi-line strings. |
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<pre> |
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>>> "Hello" |
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'Hello' |
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</pre> |
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====String concatenation==== |
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<pre> |
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>>> "Hello" + "World" |
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HelloWorld |
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>>> "Hello" + "World" + 1 |
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Traceback (most recent call last): |
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File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> |
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TypeError: cannot concatenate 'str' and 'int' objects |
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>>> "Hello" + "World" + str(1) |
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'HelloWorld1' |
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</pre> |
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====Printing strings==== |
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<pre> |
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>>> print "Hello" + "World" |
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HelloWorld |
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</pre> |
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<pre> |
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>>> name = "Jessica" |
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>>> print "Hello " + name |
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Hello Jessica |
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</pre> |
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<pre> |
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>>> print """In 2009, |
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... The monetary component of the Nobel Prize |
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... was US $1.4 million.""" |
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In 2009, |
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The monetary component of the Nobel Prize |
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was US $1.4 million. |
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</pre> |
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====Types==== |
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<pre> |
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>>> type("Hello") |
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<type 'str'> |
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</pre> |
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==Booleans== |
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* There are two booleans, <code>True</code> and <code>False</code>. |
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* Use booleans to make decisions. |
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====Containment with 'in' and 'not in'==== |
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<pre> |
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>>> "H" in "Hello" |
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True |
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>>> "a" not in ["a", "b", "c"] |
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False |
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</pre> |
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====Equality==== |
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* <code>==</code> tests for equality |
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* <codE>!=</code> tests for inequality |
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* <code><</code>, <code><=</code>, <code>></code>, and <code>>=</code> have the same meaning as in math class. |
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<pre> |
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>>> 0 == 0 |
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True |
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>>> 0 == 1 |
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False |
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</pre> |
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<pre> |
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"a" != "a" |
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</pre> |
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<pre> |
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"a" != "A" |
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</pre> |
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====Use with if/else blocks==== |
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* When Python encounters the <code>if</code> keyword, it evaluates the expression following the keyword and before the colon. If that expression is <code>True</code>, Python executes the code in the indented code block under the if line. If that expression is <code>False</code>, Python skips over the code block. |
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<pre> |
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temperature = 32 |
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if temperature > 60 and temperature < 75: |
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print "It's nice and cozy in here!" |
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else: |
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print "Too extreme for me." |
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</pre> |
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====Types==== |
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<pre> |
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>>> type(True) |
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<type 'bool'> |
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>>> type(False) |
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<type 'bool'> |
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</pre> |
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==Lists== |
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* Use lists to store data where order matters. |
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* Lists are indexed starting with 0. |
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====List initialization==== |
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<pre> |
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>>> my_list = [] |
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>>> my_list |
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[] |
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>>> your_list = ["a", "b", "c", 1, 2, 3] |
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>>> your_list |
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['a', 'b', 'c', 1, 2, 3] |
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</pre> |
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====Access and adding elements to a list==== |
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<pre> |
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>>> len(my_list) |
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0 |
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>>> my_list[0] |
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Traceback (most recent call last): |
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File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> |
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IndexError: list index out of range |
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>>> my_list.append("Alice") |
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>>> my_list |
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['Alice'] |
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>>> len(my_list) |
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1 |
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>>> my_list[0] |
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'Alice' |
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>>> my_list.insert(0, "Amy") |
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>>> my_list |
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['Amy', 'Alice'] |
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</pre> |
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<pre> |
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>>> my_list = ['Amy', 'Alice'] |
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>>> 'Amy' in my_list |
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True |
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>>> 'Bob' in my_list |
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False |
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</pre> |
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====Changing elements in a list==== |
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<pre> |
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>>> your_list = [] |
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>>> your_list.append("apples") |
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>>> your_list[0] |
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'apples' |
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>>> your_list[0] = "bananas" |
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>>> your_list |
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['bananas'] |
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</pre> |
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====Slicing lists==== |
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<pre> |
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>>> her_list = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h'] |
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>>> her_list[0] |
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'a' |
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>>> her_list[0:3] |
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['a', 'b', 'c'] |
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>>> her_list[:3] |
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['a', 'b', 'c'] |
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>>> her_list[-1] |
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'h' |
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>>> her_list[5:] |
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['f', 'g', 'h'] |
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>>> her_list[:] |
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['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h'] |
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</pre> |
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====Strings are a lot like lists==== |
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<pre> |
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>>> my_string = "Hello World" |
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>>> my_string[0] |
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'H' |
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>>> my_string[:5] |
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'Hello' |
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>>> my_string[6:] |
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'World' |
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>>> my_string = my_string[:6] + "Jessica" |
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>>> my_string |
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'Hello Jessica' |
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</pre> |
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* One big way in which strings are different from lists is that lists are mutable (you can change them), and strings are immutable (you can't change them). To "change" a string you have to make a copy: |
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<pre> |
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>>> h = "Hello" |
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>>> h[0] = "J" |
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Traceback (most recent call last): |
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File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> |
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TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment |
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>>> h = "J" + h[1:] |
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>>> h |
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'Jello' |
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</pre> |
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====Types==== |
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<pre> |
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>>> type(my_list) |
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<type 'list'> |
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</pre> |
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==Dictionaries== |
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* Use dictionaries to store key/value pairs. |
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* Dictionaries do not guarantee ordering. |
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* A given key can only have one value, but multiple keys can have the same value. |
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====Initialization==== |
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<pre> |
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>>> my_dict = {} |
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>>> my_dict |
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{} |
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>>> your_dict = {"Alice" : "chocolate", "Bob" : "strawberry", "Cara" : "mint chip"} |
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>>> your_dict |
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{'Bob': 'strawberry', 'Cara': 'mint chip', 'Alice': 'chocolate'} |
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</pre> |
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====Adding elements to a dictionary==== |
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<pre> |
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>>> your_dict["Dora"] = "vanilla" |
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>>> your_dict |
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{'Bob': 'strawberry', 'Cara': 'mint chip', 'Dora': 'vanilla', 'Alice': 'chocolate'} |
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</pre> |
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====Accessing elements of a dictionary==== |
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<pre> |
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>>> your_dict["Alice"] |
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'chocolate' |
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>>> your_dict.get("Alice") |
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'chocolate' |
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</pre> |
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<pre> |
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>>> your_dict["Eve"] |
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Traceback (most recent call last): |
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File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> |
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KeyError: 'Eve' |
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>>> "Eve" in her_dict |
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False |
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>>> "Alice" in her_dict |
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True |
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>>> your_dict.get("Eve") |
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>>> person = your_dict.get("Eve") |
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>>> print person |
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None |
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>>> print type(person) |
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<type 'NoneType'> |
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>>> your_dict.get("Alice") |
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'coconut' |
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</pre> |
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====Changing elements of a dictionary==== |
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<pre> |
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>>> your_dict["Alice"] = "coconut" |
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>>> your_dict |
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{'Bob': 'strawberry', 'Cara': 'mint chip', 'Dora': 'vanilla', 'Alice': 'coconut'} |
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</pre> |
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====Types==== |
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<pre> |
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>>> type(my_dict) |
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<type 'dict'> |
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</pre> |
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